Grisaille underpainting: how to paint like an Old Master

Your painting looks flat. The colors are right, but something is missing. Depth. Glow. That indefinable quality that makes classic paintings so powerful.

Chances are, it lacks a solid foundation. And that's where grisaille comes in: the underpainting technique that Rembrandt, Rubens, and Vermeer used to give their canvases that timeless power.

In this article, I will explain step-by-step what grisaille is, why it works, and how you can apply it today. Do you want to see how classical techniques live on in contemporary art? Check out my original works.

What is grisaille underpainting?

Grisaille is a classical painting technique where you start with an underpainting in shades of gray before adding color. The term comes from the French word 'gris' (gray) and has been used for centuries by old masters such as Rembrandt, Rubens, and Vermeer.

The goal of a grisaille underpainting is to establish the values (light and dark) of your composition before you worry about color. This gives your painting a solid foundation of depth, volume, and contrast – the fundamentals of any strong artwork.

Why grisaille is so powerful:

• It separates value (light/dark) from color, simplifying the process
• It creates a strong foundation for depth and three-dimensionality
• Colors you add later automatically gain more richness and nuance
• You can perfect composition and contrast before adding color
• It prevents muddy colors in later layers

The history of grisaille: from old masters to today

Grisaille is not a modern trend, but a tried-and-tested technique that has been used since the Renaissance. Old masters used it to build complex compositions with maximum control over light and shadow.

Famous examples:

• Rembrandt – used brownish grisailles (also called 'dead layer') as a base for his dramatic lighting effects
• Rubens – worked with gray underpaintings for his dynamic compositions
• Vermeer – established values in grisaille before adding his characteristic colors

Today, grisaille is still taught at art academies and used by professional painters worldwide. It is a timeless technique that works, regardless of your style or subject.

Why use grisaille underpainting?

You might think: why not start directly with color? There are good reasons to start with grisaille:

1. Value is more important than color

A painting with perfect colors but poor values looks weak. A painting with good values but 'wrong' colors can still be powerful. Value is the backbone of any strong artwork.

With grisaille, you train your eye to see values without being distracted by color. This is an essential skill for any painter.

2. You prevent muddy colors

When you start directly with color and have to mix and correct a lot, muddy, gray tones quickly appear. With a grisaille underpainting, you have already established your values, so later you only need to add transparent color layers without much mixing.

3. You get more depth and luminosity

By glazing transparent colors over a grisaille, an optical mixture is created that is deeper and richer than direct color. Light reflects through the layers, creating that characteristic 'glow' of classical paintings. Artists like Mark Rothko used similar layering for emotional depth.

4. You have more control over your composition

In the grisaille phase, you can easily make adjustments to composition, contrast, and focus without worrying about color harmony. It is a safe phase to experiment.

Which colors do you use for grisaille? (Not black!)

Here's a common mistake: many beginners use black and white for their grisaille. This works, but often gives a cold, lifeless result. Professional painters use warmer alternatives.

My recommended grisaille palette:

Option 1: Burnt Umber + White (my favorite)
Burnt Umber mixed with Titanium White gives a warm, brownish grisaille. This is what the old masters often used. It provides a natural, organic base that works well under almost all colors.

Option 2: Ultramarine Blue + Burnt Sienna + White
This combination creates a more neutral gray with more variation. You can make it warmer (more Burnt Sienna) or cooler (more Ultramarine). Very versatile.

Option 3: Payne's Grey + White
Payne's Grey is a composite color (usually blue + black + sometimes brown) that gives a cooler gray. Good for landscapes and cool compositions.

Option 4: Verdaccio (traditional for portraits)
A greenish-gray underpainting made from black, white, yellow ochre, and a touch of red. Traditionally used for skin tones because it provides a perfect complementary base for warm skin colors.

Why no pure black?
Ivory Black or Mars Black mixed with white creates a cold, dead gray without nuance. It absorbs light instead of reflecting it, resulting in flat, lifeless paintings. Always use a warm or colored base.

Step-by-step: how to create a grisaille underpainting

Step 1: Tone your canvas (optional but recommended)

Start with a toned ground in a neutral color such as Raw Sienna, Burnt Sienna, or a light gray. This eliminates the bright white of your canvas and provides a harmonious base. Let this dry completely.

Why tone? The white canvas is the lightest value in your painting. By toning, you work from a mid-tone, which makes it easier to judge both lights and shadows.

Step 2: Sketch your composition

Lightly draw your composition with charcoal or a thin paint (thinned with turpentine or medium). Keep it simple – only the main shapes and lines. Fix your charcoal with a spray or blow away the excess. For accurate compositions, you can also use the grid technique.

Step 3: Establish your darkest values

Start with your darkest shadows. Use your grisaille color (for example, Burnt Umber) relatively pure, thinned with medium for a smooth application. Identify where your deepest shadows are and establish them.

Tip: Look at your reference with half-closed eyes. This eliminates details and only shows the large value masses.

Step 4: Build up your mid-tones

Mix your grisaille color with white to create various mid-tones. Gradually build up from dark to light. Think in large areas, not in details. You are creating a value map, not a detailed painting.

How many values? Try to work with 5-7 clear value steps from dark to light. More than that becomes confusing, fewer gives too little nuance.

Step 5: Add your lights

Now come the highlights. Use more white in your mixture for the lightest areas. Be sparing with your purest lights – save them for the most important highlights. This creates focus and drama.

Technique tip: Use drier paint for highlights (less medium) so they sit on top of the wetter underlayers without mixing.

Step 6: Refine and balance

Step back and assess your values. Is there enough contrast? Are the darkest and lightest points in the right place? Make adjustments. This is the moment to perfect your composition.

Test: Take a photo of your grisaille and convert it to black and white. If the values are correct in black and white, your grisaille is correct.

Step 7: Allow to dry completely

This is crucial. Let your grisaille dry for at least 24-48 hours (depending on the thickness of your paint). For oil paint: better too long than too short. You want a dry, stable base before adding color.

From grisaille to color: glazing and opaque layers

Now comes the magical part: adding color over your grisaille. There are two main techniques:

Technique 1: Glazing (transparent)

Mix your color with a glazing medium (for example, linseed oil + a little turpentine, or a commercial glazing medium). The paint should be transparent so that your grisaille shines through.

Advantages: Provides luminosity, depth, and rich colors. The values of your grisaille remain visible and do the work.

Disadvantages: Slower process, requires drying time between layers.

Technique 2: Opaque layers (covering)

Paint directly with opaque paint over your grisaille, using the values of your underpainting as a guide. Your grisaille largely disappears, but it has helped you find the correct values.

Advantages: Faster, more direct control over color.

Disadvantages: Less luminosity, more chance of muddy colors if you mix too much.

Combination (best of both)

Many painters combine both: glazing for transparent areas (skies, shadows, skin) and opaque paint for covering areas (highlights, details, accents). This provides maximum control and variation. You can read more about color theory and layering in our article on Colour Field Painting.

Common mistakes in grisaille (and how to avoid them)

Mistake 1: Too much detail too soon

Problem: You start with details before your large values are correct.
Solution: Think in large areas. Details come later, in the color layers. Your grisaille is a value map, not a detailed painting.

Mistake 2: Too little contrast

Problem: Your grisaille is too gray and flat, without real dark shadows or bright highlights.
Solution: Dare to go for truly dark values and bright lights. Contrast is what gives your painting power.

Mistake 3: Not letting it dry

Problem: You add color over a wet grisaille, causing everything to mix and become muddy.
Solution: Patience. Let your grisaille dry completely. For oil paint: at least 24-48 hours, preferably longer.

Mistake 4: Using black

Problem: Pure black creates cold, dead shadows without nuance.
Solution: Use Burnt Umber, or a mixture of complementary colors for richer, warmer shadows.

Mistake 5: Too thick paint in the grisaille

Problem: Thick grisaille layers dry slowly and can crack later.
Solution: Keep your grisaille relatively thin. Thin with medium. Follow the rule: 'fat over lean' (fat layers over lean ones).

Grisaille for different subjects

Portraits

For portraits, grisaille (or verdaccio) is essential. It helps you capture the subtle values in skin tones before you add the complexity of color. Use a warm grisaille (Burnt Umber) or verdaccio (greenish-gray) as a base.

Landscapes

Landscapes benefit greatly from grisaille for atmospheric perspective. Use cooler grays for distant elements and warmer ones for the foreground. This enhances depth.

Still life

For still life, grisaille helps to understand the form and volume of objects before adding color. Perfect for learning light and shadow.

Abstract work

Even in abstract work, grisaille can help to find composition and value balance before adding color. It gives structure to your abstraction.

Materials you need

Essential:

• Canvas or panel (toned or white)
• Burnt Umber (or your chosen grisaille color)
• Titanium White
• Brushes (various sizes, both flat and round)
• Turpentine or odorless mineral spirits (for thinning)
• Palette
• Palette knife (for mixing)

Optional but useful:

• Medium for glazing (later, for color layers)
• Charcoal for sketching
• Fixative spray
• Rags or paper towels
• Palette cups for medium

Exercises to learn grisaille

Exercise 1: Value scale

Create a 7-value scale from pure Burnt Umber to pure white. Practice making consistent steps. This trains your eye and your hand.

Exercise 2: Simple forms

Paint simple geometric shapes (sphere, cube, cylinder) in grisaille. Focus on light, shadow, and volume. These are the building blocks of any complex subject.

Exercise 3: Black and white photo

Choose a black and white photo and create a grisaille study. Without color, you only need to copy values, which simplifies the learning process.

Exercise 4: Master copy

Copy the grisaille phase of an old master painting (search online for 'grisaille underpainting examples'). Learn from the best.

My experience with grisaille as an artist

I don't use grisaille for every painting, but I do for complex compositions where value is crucial. It gives me control and confidence – I know my foundation is solid before I add color.

What I appreciate most about grisaille is the focus it brings. Instead of being overwhelmed by color, composition, value, and detail all at once, I work in phases. First value, then color. This makes the process manageable and the results consistently better.

For artists who want to take their work to the next level, grisaille isn't an option – it's essential. It's the foundation upon which all great paintings are built.

Conclusion: why grisaille transforms your paintings

Grisaille underpainting is more than a technique – it's a way of thinking. It teaches you to see value, to work in layers, and to be patient with your process.

The results speak for themselves: paintings with more depth, richer colors, better contrast, and a professional look. It's the technique old masters used and that is still relevant today.

Start today:

• Choose a simple subject
• Create a grisaille with Burnt Umber and white
• Focus only on values, not on details
• Let it dry and then add color

You will be amazed by the difference.

Frequently asked questions about grisaille

Do I always have to use grisaille?
No, it's a technique, not a rule. For quick studies or alla prima paintings, you can work directly in color. But for complex compositions where value is crucial, grisaille is indispensable.

Can I use grisaille with acrylic paint?
Absolutely! Grisaille works with any paint: oil, acrylic, watercolor, even digitally. The principle remains the same: values first, color later.

How long should my grisaille dry?
For oil paint: at least 24-48 hours, depending on thickness. For acrylic: 30-60 minutes. Test by gently touching – it must be completely dry, not sticky.

Can I add details in the grisaille phase?
You can, but it's not necessary. Most details come in the color layers. Keep your grisaille relatively simple – focus on large values and shapes.

What if my grisaille is too dark?
No problem. You can always add lighter values, or glaze transparent light colors over dark areas. Dark is easier to correct than too light.

Does my grisaille have to be completely grey?
No, 'grisaille' is a broad concept. You can work in browns (burnt umber), greenish-greys (verdaccio), or even blue-greys. It's about value, not exact color.

Can I combine grisaille with other techniques?
Yes! Grisaille works perfectly with impasto (thick paint), glazes, scumbling, and alla prima in later layers. It's a foundation, not a limitation.